gross debt

Mr Noda has portrayed such proposals as a potentially dangerous assault on central bank independence and a return to the wasteful construction policies that have helped saddle the state with gross debt of more than twice GDP.

野田佳彦形容此类提议是对央行独立性的潜在危险打击，同时重拾已导致日本政府总债务达到GDP两倍多的浪费巨大的建设政策。

The higher asset specificity a corporate has, the lower gross debt level it will hold, but asset specificity has no significant impact on the long term debt ratio.

研究结果显示，企业资产专用性对总负债率有显著的影响，资产专用性越高，企业越倾向于采用较低的债务水平，但资产专用性对长期负债率没有显著影响。

The International Monetary Fund estimates the country's gross debt will be equivalent to 233 per cent of the size of the economy this year.

国际货币基金组织（IMF）预计，日本总体债务水平今年将达到其经济总量的233%。